Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: право на семеен живот
- CZ: právo na rodinný život
- DE: Recht auf Familienleben
- EE: õigus pere(konna)elule
- EN: right to family life
- ES: derecho a la vida en familia
- FI: oikeus perhe-elämään
- FR: droit à la vie familiale
- GA: ceart chun saol teaghlaigh
- GR: δικαιωμα στην οικογενειακή ζωή
- HU: családi élethez való jog
- IT: diritto alla vita familiare
- LT: teisė į šeimos gyvenimą
- LV: tiesības uz ģimenes dzīvi
- MT: Dritt għal ħajja f’familja
- NL: recht op eerbiediging van familie- en gezinsleven (syn.: recht op familie- en gezinsleven)
- NO: rett til familieliv
- PL: prawo do życia rodzinnego
- PT: direito à unidade familiar
- RO: dreptul la viaţă de familie
- SE: rätt till familjeliv
- SK: právo na rodinný život
- SL: pravica do družinskega življenja
A right enshrined in Arts. 7, 9 and 33 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and Art. 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
There is a distinction between the right to family life and the right to family unity. The right to family life is a fundamental right enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The right to family unity relates more to the purpose and procedural aspects of entry and stay for the purpose of reuniting a family.
- BG: действие на преследване
- CZ: akt pronásledování
- DE: Verfolgungshandlung
- EE: tagakiusamisakt
- EN: act of persecution
- ES: actos de persecución
- FI: vainoksi katsottavat teot
- FR: actes de persécution
- GA: gníomh géarleanúna (iolra: gníomhartha géarleanúna)
- GR: πράξεις δίωξης
- HU: üldöz(tet)ésnek minősülő cselekmények
- IT: atti di persecuzione
- LT: persekiojimo veiksmas
- LV: vajāšanas darbība
- MT: Att ta’ persekuzzjoni
- NL: daden van vervolging
- NO: forfølgelseshandlinger (b) / forfølgingshandlingar (n)
- PL: prześladowanie
- PT: actos de perseguição
- RO: act de persecutie
- SE: förföljelse
- SK: čin prenasledovania / akt prenasledovania
- SL: dejanje preganjanja
In the EU context and within the meaning of Art. 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol, acts which are
(a) sufficiently serious by their nature or repetition as to constitute a severe violation of basic human rights, in particular the rights from which derogation cannot be made under Art. 15(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights; or
(b) an accumulation of various measures, including violation of human rights which is sufficiently severe as to affect an individual in a similar manner as mentioned in (a).
a) acts of physical or mental violence, including acts of sexual violence;
b) legal, administrative, police, and/or judicial measures which are in themselves discriminatory or which are implemented in a discriminatory manner;
c) prosecution or punishment which is disproportionate or discriminatory;
d) denial of judicial redress resulting in a disproportionate or discriminatory punishment;
e) prosecution or punishment for refusal to perform military service in a conflict, where performing military service would include crimes or acts falling within the scope of the grounds for exclusion as set out in Art. 12(2);
(f) acts of a gender-specific or child-specific nature.
- BG: изтезания
- CZ: mučení
- DE: Folter
- EE: piinamine
- EN: torture
- ES: tortura
- FI: kidutus
- FR: torture
- GA: céasadh
- HU: kínzás
- IT: tortura
- LT: kankinimas
- LV: spīdzināšana
- MT: Tortura
- NL: foltering
- NO: tortur
- PL: tortury
- RO: tortură
- SE: tortyr
- SK: mučenie
- SL: mučenje
In the context of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, deliberate inhuman treatment causing very serious and cruel suffering.
2.The right to freedom from torture is enshrined in many international treaties, most notably the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the UN Convention against Torture (UNCAT). The acceptance that torture is forbidden under any circumstances, including war, public emergency or terrorist threat, indicates that universally it is considered as a fundamental principle of customary international law. This means that even States that have not ratified any of the international treaties explicitly prohibiting torture are banned from using it against anyone, anywhere, under any circumstances.
3. Regional conventions, such as the European Convention on Human Rights (Art. 3) and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Art. 4), also recognise torture as a prohibited act.
4. Both the UNCAT and the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol expressly prohibit the forced return of an asylum seeker to a country where they may be at risk of torture.
5. In the EU, Art. 21 of Directive 2013/33/EU (Recast Receptions Conditions Directive) explicitly considers the situation of vulnerable asylum seekers with special needs, including victims of torture. EU Member States are obliged to identify victims of torture within the asylum procedure and to assess whether they have special reception needs, including the need to access appropriate medical and psychological treatment or care.
- BG: верижна миграция
- CZ: řetězová migrace
- DE: Kettenmigration
- EE: ahelränne
- EN: chain migration
- ES: cadena migratoria
- FI: ketjumaahanmuutto
- FR: migration en chaîne
- GA: imirce shlabhrúil
- GR: αλυσίδα μετανάστευση
- HU: lánc-migráció
- IT: catena migratoria
- LV: ķēdes migrācija
- MT: Katina ta’ migrazzjoni
- NL: kettingmigratie
- NO: kjedemigrasjon
- PL: migracja łańcuchowa
- RO: migratie in lant
- SE: kedjemigration
- SK: reťazová migrácia
- SL: verižna migracija
The practice where those who have settled on a family reunification basis can themselves sponsor further family members, consistent with European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) obligations.
2. Chain migration may also be based on ethnic or family ties with members of the same family migrating at different times, usually with primary wage earners migrating first, followed by secondary or non-wage earners. In countries with more or less liberal regulations on the rights of migrants to family reunification usually in accordance with international conventions, family reunification as an incidence of chain migration explains much of the growth in the total migrant population.
- BG: реален риск от тежки посегателства
- CZ: reálné riziko vážné újmy
- DE: tatsächliche Gefahr, einen ernsthaften Schaden zu erleiden
- EE: reaalne risk tõsise ohu tekkimiseks
- EN: real risk of suffering serious harm
- ES: riesgo real de sufrir daños graves
- FI: todellinen vaara joutua kärsimään vakavaa haittaa
- FR: risque réel de subir des atteintes graves
- GA: baol iarbhír díobháil thromchúiseach a fhulaingt
- GR: πραγματικός κίνδυνος σοβαρής βλάβης
- HU: súlyos sérelem elszenvedésének tényleges veszélye
- IT: rischio effettivo di subire un grave danno
- LT: realus pavojus patirti didelę žalą
- LV: reāls risks ciest smagu kaitējumu
- MT: Riskju reali / veru li ġġarrab dannu(-i) serju(-i)
- NL: reëel risico op het lijden van ernstige schade
- NO: reell fare for alvorlig skade (b) / reell fare for alvorleg skade (n)
- PL: rzeczywiste ryzyko doznania poważnej krzywdy
- RO: risc real de vătămare fizică gravă
- SE: verklig risk för att lida allvarlig skada
- SK: reálne riziko utrpenia vážneho bezprávia / reálne riziko vážneho bezprávia
- SL: utemeljeno tveganje resne škode
Risk of serious harm experienced by an applicant for international protection which is considered to be both real and likely to occur.
2. The European Court of Human Rights has ruled in a high number of different cases that there is a violation of Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ‘if substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if deported, faces a real risk of being subjected to treatment contrary to Art. 3 ECHR’. In light of the Court’s consequent jurisprudence, this standard means that:
(a) there is no need for the risk to be very high (no certainty or significant probability requirement);
(b) at the same time the risk cannot be a mere possibility (a distant, vague or theoretical alternative).
Developed by EMN
- BG: хуманитарен статут
- CZ: humanitární ochrana
- DE: humanitärer Schutz
- EE: humanitaarkaitse
- EN: humanitarian protection
- ES: protección humanitaria
- FI: humanitaarinen suojelu
- FR: protection humanitaire
- GA: cosaint dhaonnúil
- GR: προστασία για ανθρωπιστικούς λόγους
- HU: humanitárius védelem
- IT: protezione umanitaria
- LT: humanitarinė (papildoma) apsauga
- LV: humānā aizsardzība
- MT: Protezzjoni umanitarja
- NL: bescherming op humanitaire gronden
- NO: beskyttelse på humanitært grunnlag (b) / vern på humanitært grunnlag (n)
- PL: ochrona o charakterze humanitarnym
- PT: protecção humanitária
- RO: protecţie umanitară
- SE: humanitärt skydd
- SK: humanitárna ochrana
- SL: humanitarna zaščita
A form of non-EU harmonised protection nowadays normally replaced by subsidiary protection, except in some EU Member States.
2. IE has also opted-into the Qualification Directive, and uses the term ‘leave to remain’.
3. In DE, FI and IT, humanitarian protection and subsidiary protection are different concepts. In DE and IT, humanitarian protection is the reception and residence of refugees under international law or on humanitarian or political (DE only) grounds, and in FI, humanitarian protection is granted to foreign nationals who cannot return to their country of origin or country of former habitual residence as a result of an environmental catastrophe or a bad security situation, which may be due to an international or internal armed conflict or a poor human rights situation.
4. In EE, LV, this term is not used.
5. AT and ES use a similar expression, namely ‘residence permit on humanitarian grounds’.
6. In BG, humanitarian protection encompasses subsidiary protection as well as protection granted for other humanitarian reasons (see Art. 9, SG No 52 of 2007).
7. In NO, a residence permit may be granted, even if the other conditions laid down in the Act are not satisfied, provided there are strong humanitarian considerations or the foreign national has a particular connection with the realm. To determine whether there are strong humanitarian considerations, an overall assessment shall be made of the case. Importance may be attached, inter alia, to whether the foreign national is an unaccompanied minor who would be without proper care if they were returned; the foreign national needs to stay in the realm due to compelling health circumstances; there are social or humanitarian circumstances relating to the return situation that give grounds for granting a residence permit; the foreign national has been a victim of human trafficking. (For further information, see Immigration Act of May 2008, Chaper 5, Section 38).
- BG: Европейска конвенция за правата на човека
- CZ: Evropská úmluva o ochraně lidských práv
- DE: Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention
- EE: Euroopa inimõiguste ja põhivabaduste kaitse konvetsioon
- EN: European Convention on Human Rights
- ES: Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos
- FI: Euroopan ihmisoikeussopimus
- FR: Convention européenne des droits de l’homme
- GA: an Coinbhinsiún Eorpach um Chearta an Duine
- GR: Ευρωπαϊκή Σύμβαση Δικαιωμάτων του Ανθρώπου
- HU: Emberi Jogok Európai Egyezménye
- IT: Convenzione Europea dei Diritti dell’Uomo
- LT: Europos žmogaus teisių konvencija
- LV: Eiropas Cilvēktiesību konvencija
- MT: Konvenzjoni (Il-) Ewropea dwar id-Drittijiet tal‑Bniedem
- NL: Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens
- NO: Den europeiske menneskerettskonvensjonen
- PL: Europejska Konwencja Praw Człowieka / Konwencja o Ochronie Praw Człowieka i Podstawowych Wolności
- PT: Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos
- RO: Convenţia Europeană a Drepturilor Omului
- SE: Europakonventionen om de mänskliga rättigheterna
- SK: Európsky dohovor o ochrane ľudských práv a základných slobôd
- SL: Evropska konvencija o človekovih pravicah
A regional human rights instrument giving effect to certain rights stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, offering individuals the possibility of applying to the courts for the enforcement of their rights.
More formally referred to as the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.